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Sheep-Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever: First report in a Calf in Northeastern Turkey
Kirbas, A.,1* Oruc, E., 2 Ozkanlar, Y.,1 Sozdutmaz, I.,3 Aktas, M.S.1 and Saglam, Y.S.2
Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey. Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey. 3 Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
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* Corresponding author: Assist. Prof. Dr. Akin Kirbas (DVM, PhD), Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, 25240, Yakutiye, Erzurum,Turkey. Phone: +90 442 2315552, Fax: +90 442 236 0881. E-mail: akindahiliye55@yahoo.com; akirbas@atauni.edu.tr
AB ST RAC T
In this report, systemic vasculitis was described in a Brown Swiss calf with sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever. The calf was referred to the university clinic due to respiratory and nervous symptoms. Nasal discharge, dyspnea, cough, conjunctival hyperemia, bilateral corneal opacity and ulceration, superficial lymph node enlargement, incoordination and muscle tremors were detected on clinical examination. The hematologic profile revealed lymphocytosis and neutrophilia. Grossly, hyperemia of viscera, lymphoid tissue enlargements and swelling in the brain were observed. Fibrinoid necrotic vasculitis and lymphoid cell infiltrations were main histopathologic changes in the brain, liver, spinal cord, heart, lymphoid tissues and upper respiratory tract. Characteristic histopathologic findings were confirmed by PCR, which demonstrated the presence of ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) in the lymph nodes and liver samples of the calf. Keywords: Brown Swiss calf, Malignant catarrhal fever, Histopathology, Ovine Herpesvirus-2, PCR, Vasculitis.
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a fatal lymphoproliferative disease of cattle and other ungulates caused by the ruminant gamma-herpes viruses alcelaphine herpesvirus type 1 (AIHV-1) and ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) (1). The disease is an infectious disease of domestic cattle, wild ruminants (2, 3, 4) and occasionally pigs (5, 6). Sheep-associated MCF (SA-MCF) is caused by ovine herpes virus type 2 (OvHV-2) and AIHV-1 causes Wildebeestassociated MCF (WA-MCF) (1, 2, 3). Caprine herpes virus type 2 (CpHV-2) causes disease in goats and a fourth type has also been identified which is of unknown origin (7, 8). Sheep are the major source of MCF in cattle and when they are held together with cattle the incidence of infection increases. Cattle are naturally infected by close contact with infected sheep actively shedding the virus (3, 9). A high level of homology beIsrael Journal of Veterinary Medicine  Vol. 68 (3)  September 2013
INTRODUCTION
tween WA-MCF virus and SA-MCF virus was reported in viral DNA sequence analysis of lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from infected cattle with SA-MCF (10). The most common clinical signs are fever, nasal discharge, depression and bilateral keratoconjuntivitis, lymph node enlargement and corneal opacity. Neurological signs maybe observed in terminal stages of the disease and these include muscle tremors, ataxia, head pressing, nystagmus, and twitching (2, 11-15).Vasculitis, mucosal and epidermal lesions, hyperplasia and necrosis of lymphoid tissues and lymphoid cell infiltration in non-lymphoid tissues are typical changes in MCF (12, 14). MCF in cattle has been reported as sporadic around the world and in Turkey (4, 12, 15-18, 25). Although the diseases was mostly encountered in adult animals, there are few report in young animals around the world (19-23).
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This study describes the first identification of the SAMCF in 2-month old Brown Swiss calf with molecular, histopathological and cytological methods in Northeastern Anatolia, Turkey. CASE REPORT
A two month old female Brown Swiss calf, treated with variety of antibiotics (penicillin-streptomycin and enrofloxacin) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (flunixin meglumine) drugs for respiratory problem, was referred to the Large Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ataturk as a result of ophthalmological and neurological symptoms (Fig. 1A). The results of physical examination are presented in (Table 1). Peripheral blood samples were collected for heTable 1: Clinical signs of a Brown Swiss calf with SA-MCF Parameter Body Temperature (°C) Respiratory rate (cycle / min.) Heart rate (beats / min.) Dyspnea Nasal discharge Corneal opacity Corneal ulceration Photophobia Blepharospasm Scleral congestion Lung auscultation Lymph nodes Results 39.2 44 108 Severe Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral Harsh vesicular-bronchial sounds audible in cranial lobes Superficial lymph nodes enlargement
matologic and molecular analyses. A cell counter (Abacus Junior Vet 5, Hungary), adjustable to animal species, was used (Table 2). Due to of irreversible clinical signs the calf was euthanized and necropsied upon request of animal owner. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was obtained by fine needle aspiration during the necropsy. Fluid was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5 minutes, smeared on clean slides and stained with Giemsa. At necropsy, retropharyngeal, submandibular and prescapular lymph nodes were swollen and congested. There were
Table 2: Hematologic findings of a Brown Swiss calf with SA-MCF Parameter WBC (x103/µL) LYM (x103/µL) MON (x103/µL) NEU (x103/µL) EOS (x103/µL) BAS (x103/µL) RBC (x106/µL) HGB (g/dL) PCV (%) MCV (fL) MCH (ρg) MCHC (g/dL) RDW (%) PLT (x103/µL) Results 23.95 12.27 0.38 11.01 0.29 0.01 10.0 11.9 36.86 37 12 33 24 236 Normal range (26) 4.0-12.0 2.5-7.5 0. 03-0.8 0.6-4.0 0-2.4 <0.2 5.0-10.0 8-15 24-46 37-51 13-18 33-37 16-24 200-730
WBC: White Blood Cell; LYM: Lymphocyte; MON: Monocyte; NEU: Neutrophil; EOS: Eosinophil; BAS: Basophil; RBC: Red Blood Cell; HGB: Hemoglobin; PCV: Packed Cell Volume; MCV: Mean Corpuscular Volume; MCH: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin quantity; MCHC: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin concentration; RDW: Red Cell distribution width; PLT: Thrombocyte.
Figure 1: A) Corneal opacity and ulcer; B) Fibrino-purulent and necrotic pneumonia and pleural adhesions (arrow).
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erosive lesions on the tongue and upper respiratory mucosa, especially on the nasal conchae. Blood vessels appeared dilated with opaque areas on the cerebral meninges (Fig. 2A). Severe bronchopneumonia and pleural adhesions (Fig. 1B), congestion of liver and kidneys were observed. Examination of CSF revealed an increase in lymphocytes (Fig. 2B). For histopathological examination, tissue samples of lung, heart, liver, kidney, spleen and brain were obtained and fixed in 10 % formalin buffered saline. After the routine his-
topathology process, paraffin sections of 5 µm were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Fibrinoid-necrotic vasculitis was observed on the wall of the blood vessels of concha, central veins of the liver (Fig. 3A), heart (Fig. 3B), meninges, cerebrum (Fig. 4A), cerebellum (Fig. 5A) and spinal cord (Fig. 5B). There was a lymphocytic infiltration on the intima and media of these vessels. Neuronal degeneration and necrosis in the cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord with vacuole formations were observed (Fig. 4B).
Figure 2: A) Brain. Hyperemic vessels and grey to green-yellow exudate (arrow) on meninges; B) CNS smear. Increase the lymphocytic (white arrow) and monocytic (black arrow) cells. Giemsa stain. ×1000.
Figure 3: A) Liver. Severe vasculitis in the central veins. H&E. ×400; B) Heart.Epicardial vasculitis (black arrow), myocardium (white arrow). H&E. ×400.
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Viral DNA was extracted from lymph node and liver with Qiagen DNeasy tissue DNA extraction kit according to the manufacturers instructions (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The hemi-nested PCR for the detection of Ovine herpes virus-2 (OvHV-2) sequences was conducted by two-step amplification reaction cycles (10). Amplification reactions were performed in 50μl volumes containing 1 μl of sample DNA in 10 mM TrisHCl, pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl2, 0.01% (v/v) gelatine, 10% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 200 μl dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP (Fermentas), 1 μM of each primer and 2 units Taq DNA-polymerase. The cycling conditions consisted of a precycle at 99°C for 3 minutes, after which dNTP and the enzyme mix were added. This was followed by 25 cycles at 94°C for 20 seconds, 60°C
for 30 seconds and 72°C for 30 seconds. A 2 μl aliquot of the primary amplification product, specified by the primers 556 (5-AGTCTGGGGTATATGAATCCAGATGGCTCTC-3) and 775 (5-AAGATAAGCACCAGTTATGCATCTGATAAA-3) was transferred directly to a new reaction mixture and amplified using the primer pairs 556 and 555 (5-TTCTGGGGTAGTGGCGAGCGAAGGCTTC-3) under identical conditions for a further 25 cycles with a final extension at 72°C for 5 minutes (24). Final amplification products (10 μl) were analyzed directly by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining. MCF positive sample DNA from recent epizooties was used as a positive control and distilled water was used as negative control. OvHV-2 genome specific 422 bp and 238 bp PCR am-
Figure 4: A) Cerebrum. Fibrinoid necrotic vasculitis (black arrow) and severe vasculitis (white arrow). ×200. H&E; B) Cerebrum. Vasculitis (black arrow) and necrotic neurons (white arrow). H&E. ×200.
Figure 5: A) Cerebellum. Vasculitis in capillaries of meninges necrotic changes of purkinje cells (white arrow). H&E. ×200; B) Spinal cord. Vasculitis (black arrows). Inset: High magnification of vasculitis in another section. H&E. ×400.
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plification was detected from necropsy samples with the 556/755 and 556/555-primer sets, respectively. The same results were also found with positive control samples and no amplification were detected in negative control samples for all PCR reactions. DISCUSSION
SA-MCF cases have been described around the world in many studies (19-23). Although the disease is known in Turkey for many years only a few cases have been reported until now. In adult cattle, Dabak and Bulut (16), reported an outbreak of MCF in Elazig, east Turkey. Yesilbag (17), studied the disease serologically and reported MCF in cattle, sheep and goats in South Marmara region, west Turkey. Yazici et al. (18) using serologogy and nested PCR studied the disease and reported MCF in cattle and sheep in Samsun, northern Turkey. The present case was observed in a 2 month old BrownSwiss calf in Erzurum, in northeastern Turkey. Vascular lesions, such as fibrinoid necrosis and lymphoid infiltrations were the main histopathological changes in many tissues. Presence of SA-MCF specific viral nucleic acid was detected with hemi-nested PCR in lymph node and hepatic samples. Cattle are naturally infected by close contact with infected sheep known to be a major source of MCF, actively shedding the virus, (3, 9). The calf in the present study was reared together with Morkaraman sheep, a local breed in northeast Turkey. No serological or molecular studies were carried out on the sheep as they had been slaughtered. Clinical findings such as nasal discharge, corneal opacity and ulceration, lymphadenopathy and muscle tremors and incoordination due to nervous involvement were found compatible with previous research (14, 15, 19-23, 25). A similar form of the disease has been described in Turkey (16, 17, 18). In our study, more systemic changes were observed and vascular changes were detected in a variety of tissues. Severe clinical and pathological changes in this young calf may have beeen due to insufficient maternal antibody or lack of immunocompetence. Abuelzen et al. (19), reported that similar immunological problems resulted in susceptibility. Moderate leucocytosis, lymphocytosis and neutrophilia are general hematological findings in MCF (10). Brenner et al. (20) reported severe leucopenia, marked lymphopenia and neutrophilia in four 4-7 month old calves with SA-MCF. In
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the present case lymphocytosis and neutrophylia were detected; the neutrophilia was considered due to the severe fibrinopurulent and necrotic bronchopneumonia caused by the possible secondary bacterial infection. In conclusion, a case of SA-MCF in a young Brown Swiss calf reared with sheep is presented from Erzurum, northeast of Turkey. The case presented with typical histopathological changes and was confirmed by PCR.
ACKNOWLED GEMENTS This case report has presented in the 6th National Congress of Veterinary Pathology, Kusadasi-Aydin, Turkey, 19-23 September 2012.
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Budd-Chiari-Like Syndrome Associated with a Pheochromocytoma Invading the Right Atrium in a Dog (Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine Volume 67(3); 180-185, 2012).
In Figure 2 of the article an error was detected and is now replaced by the Figure below and its legend. The figure now contains three images from the same study.
CORRECTION
Figure 2: Computed tomography angiography (arterial phase) soft tissue window, demonstrating a contrast enhanced enlarged left adrenal gland (*) invading the caudal vena cava (c). Right kidney (white open arrow). All images are orientated with the right side of the patient on the left side of the image. (A) Dorsal plane demonstrating the enlarged non-homogeneously enhancing left adrenal gland invading the caudal vena cava. Note the dilatation and the non-homogenous filling defect/mass perfusion within the caudal vena cava. (B) Transverse view at the level of the right kidney cranial pole, demonstrating the left adrenal mass. (C) Transverse view at the level of the liver demonstrating the dilated caudal vena cava, due to the infiltrating adrenal mass.
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