Acute Phase Biomarkers for Inflammatory Response in Dairy Cows with Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis

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Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine  Vol. 70 (2)  June 2015 23 Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis in Cows
Acute Phase Biomarkers for Infammatory Response in Dairy Cows
with Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis
Kirbas, A.,
1
* Ozkanlar, Y.,
1
Aktas, M.S.,
1
Ozkanlar, S.,
2
Ulas, N.
1
and Erol, H.S.
2
1
Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum-Turkey.
2
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum-Turkey.
*
Corresponding Author: Assist. Prof. Dr. Akin Kirbas (DVM, PhD), Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University,
25240, Erzurum-Turkey. Phone:+90 442 231 5552, Fax: +90 442 231 55 63, E-mail: akindahiliye55@yahoo.com; akirbas@atauni.edu.tr
ABSTRACT
Te traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) model was used to investigate the acute phase biomarkers (APBs)
in the infammatory response of dairy cows. Fourteen Swiss Brown cows were diagnosed with TRP based
on the clinical fndings, ferroscopy and ultrasonography as well as positive responses to pain tests. Four of
the cows were necropsied and TRP was confrmed. Additionally, 10 healthy cows were used as the control
group. Blood samples were obtained from cows during the clinical stage of TRP. Mean serum haptoglobulin
(Hp) (1.19±0.37 vs. 0.03±0.01 mg/mL) (P<0.05) and plasma fbrinogen (Fb) (205.1±18.1 vs. 101.1±17.6 ƞg/
mL) (P<0.001) concentrations of TRP group were found higher compared to control group. Tere was an
insignifcant increase in mean serum amyloid A (SAA) (165±63 vs. 67.9±34 µg/mL) and α-1 acid glycoprotein
(α-1 AGP) (1069±220 vs. 663±121 µg/mL) levels (P>0.05). Mean total white blood cell (WBC) count of
TRP group (10.8±1.4 vs. 6.9±0.6 x10
3
/µL) was signifcantly higher compared to control group (P<0.001).
Moreover, neutrophil counts of the TRP group showed a tendency to increase compared to the control group,
however no statistical diference was detected (P>0.05). While positive correlation was detected between
WBC count and Hp concentration of TRP group (r=0.636; P=0.01); there was no correlation between WBC
count and Fb concentration (r=0.395; P>0.05). Tere was no statistical diference (P>0.05) between groups
for routine biochemical parameters. In conclusion, signifcant increases in Fb and Hp values were found to
be related to the infammatory response of dairy cows with TRP. Te tendency of increase in the SAA and
α-1 AGP were evaluated as nonspecifc for the response. In addition, high Hp values were consistent with
the correlation of high WBC counts due to the infammatory response.
Keywords: Acute Phase Biomarkers; Dairy Cow; Infammation; Leukogram; Traumatic
Reticuloperitonitis.
INTRODUCTION
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) is a common condi-
tion in adult cattle caused by the ingestion and migration
of foreign bodies in the reticulum. Perforation of the wall of
the reticulum allows leakage of ingesta and bacteria, which
contaminate the peritoneal cavity, resulting in local or difuse
peritonitis (1, 2). In particular pica occurring as a result of
malnutrition is a risk factor for TRP (3). Te clinical signs of
cattle with TRP are variable depending on the severity, dura-
tion, and involvement of other organs. Fever, increased heart
and respiratory rates, anorexia, dehydration, decreased milk
production, weight loss, ruminal stasis, tympani, abdominal
tension, abdominal pain and grunting are the most common
clinical signs observed in cattle with TRP (1, 2). It is difcult
to make an early diagnosis as clinical fndings of TRP are
non-specifc and clinical signs only appear after a protracted
period (1, 4). Rumenotomy often fails because TRP diagnosis
is made at a late stage by which time the prognosis is poor (5).
Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine  Vol. 70 (2)  June 2015 Kirbas, A. 24
It is stated in previous studies that many hematological
and biochemical changes may be observed in animals with
TRP (2, 6, 7). It has been further reported that acute phase
proteins (APPs) are far more sensitive than the leukogram
and routine biochemical changes for determining infamma-
tory responses in cattle (7, 8). It has been proposed that the
use of laboratory analyses such as APPs are required for early
diagnosis and determination of the stage, complications and
prognosis of the disease (5).
Acute phase response (APR) occurs during infection,
infammation, tissue injury and trauma, and is the leading
systemic reaction seen during disease. One of the main
features of APR is hepatic production of APPs. Te aim of
the generation of these proteins is to isolate and destroy the
infectious agents, prevent ongoing tissue damage and restore
homeostasis. Te secretion of APPs is regulated by proinfam-
matory cytokines. Blood concentration of APPs generally
increase within 8 hours of stimulation and reaches maximum
level in 24-48 hours and gradually decreases to their normal
levels in 4-7 days relative to the infammatory response (9).
However, blood concentration of APPs continues to stay
at high levels in chronic cases where stimulation continues
to occur. APPs may be used for separation of bacterial and
viral infections, diferential diagnosis of clinical, subclinical,
acute and chronic diseases, determination of prognosis of sick
animals and tracking patients during treatment (9, 10). APPs
for determination of cattle diseases are listed as fbrinogen
(Fb), haptoglobulin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA) and α-1
acid glycoprotein (α
1
-AGP) (9-11).
Te number of studies on APPs is limited for APR in
cattle with TRP (5, 12-14), and there is only one study in
which all APPs were evaluated (5). In the present study,
investigation of the acute phase biomarkers (APBs) in the
infammatory response in Swiss Brown cows with TRP was
studied. Te infammatory response was further evaluated
along with clinical fndings, leukogram, and routine bio-
chemical parameters and ultrasonographic examinations.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Animals
Fourteen Swiss Brown cows with TRP referred to the clinic
were included in the study as the experimental group. Ten
clinically healthy Swiss Brown cows were obtained from
the dairy farm of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and
served as a control group. All cows were adults of 3 to 8
years of age.
Te protocol was approved by the university ethics com-
mittee. Te approval number was 2010/58.
Diagnosis of TRP and collection of samples
Diagnosis of TRP was made according to clinical fnd-
ings, ferroscopy, (Hauptner Ferroscope, Art-Nr 39500;
H. Hauptner & Richard Herberholz GmbH & Co. KG,
Solingen, Germany) glutaraldehyde coagulation test and
responses to pain test. Te clinical signs for the defnition of
animals with TRP were reduction or lack of rumen contrac-
tion, tympani, constipation, grunting and abdominal pain.
Physical examination of cows with TRP consisted of rectal
temperature (RT), heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR)
and measurement of the frequency of rumen contractions
(RC). Sick animals were brought to the clinic generally 3-5
days after the emergence of clinical signs. Blood samples were
taken from the external jugular veins into vacuum tubes with
no anticoagulant (Vacutainer, BD-Plymouth, UK) for serum
analyses. Serum samples were separated by centrifugation at
3000 g for 10 minutes at room temperature and stored at
-20°C until analyses. Blood samples were also collected into
tubes with EDTA (3.6 mg K
2
E, Vacutainer, BD-Plymouth,
UK) for the determination of hematological parameters.
Glutaraldehyde coagulation test
Glutaraldehyde coagulation test (GCT) was used to evaluate
the indicative concentrations of fbrinogen and immuno-
globulin semiquantatively. GCT test solution was prepared
using GCT 5.6 ml 1.4% glutaraldehyde (Merck, USA), 200
mg sodium EDTA and 94.4 ml 0.9% NaCl. Tis test solution
was mixed with equal volume of blood (i.e. 4 ml to 4 ml).
Immediately after peripheral blood sample was obtained from
jugular vein of each cattle into sterile syringes, GCT test
solution was mixed to determine the clotting time. Clotting
times of 0-5 min, 5-10 min, and 10-15 min were accepted
as indications of severe, moderate and mild positive results
of the test, respectively. Te cloting time was evaluated as
negative after 15 minutes (25).
APBs of determination
Te concentration of Hp was assessed using a commercial
colorimetric kit (Tridelta Development Plc, Wicklow,
Ireland) in microplates, based on Hp–haemoglobin binding
Research Articles
Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine  Vol. 70 (2)  June 2015 25 Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis in Cows
and preservation of the peroxidase activity of the bound hae-
moglobinat at a low pH. SAA was analyzed by the method
of sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
using commercial ELISA kit (Tridelta Development Plc,
Wicklow, Ireland) in microplates. Te optical densities were
read on automatic microplate reader Opsys MR (Dynex
Technologies, USA) at 630 nm for Hp, and at 450 nm us-
ing 630 nm as reference for SAA. Te concentration of α-1
AGP was detected by bovine radial immunodifusion assay
kits (Tridelta Development Plc, Wicklow, Ireland). Fb was
measured by using a solid-phase sandwich ELISA (Life
Science Inc. Uscn, Wuhan, China).
Hematological analyses
Venous blood samples were collected in tubes with EDTA
(3.6 mg K
2
E, BD Vacutainer, BD-Plymouth, UK., 2ml).
A cell counter (Abacus Junior Vet5, Hungary) was used to
establish basophil (BAS), eosinophil (EOS), lymphocyte
(LYM), monocyte (MON), neutrophil (NEU) and total
leucocyte counts (WBC).
Serum biochemistry
Serum enzyme activities [alkaline phosphatase (ALP),
aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gama glutamyl transfer-
ase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)], total bilirubin
(TBIL), albumin (ALB), glucose (GLU) and total protein
(TP) concentrations were determined with commercial test
kits by a biochemistry autoanalyzer (Cobas 6000/Roche
Diagnostics, Germany). Te concentration of total globulin
(GLOB) was calculated by subtracting the ALB concentra-
tion from the TP concentration (16, 17).
Statistical analysis
Data were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean
(SEM). Te level of statistical signifcance was set at P<0.05.
Statistical comparisons of values between the two groups
were analyzed using ANOVA (SPSS, Version 11.5 Microsoft,
Chicago, IL, USA). Correlations between parameters were
calculated with the Pearson Correlation test.
RESULTS
Clinical signs
Mean values of clinical signs of cows with TRP and control
group were shown in Table 1. Body temperature and respira-
tory rate were unafected however the heart rate of cows with
TRP signifcantly increased compared to the control group
(82±4.7/min vs. 60±2.8/min) (P<0.001) and the numbers of
rumen contraction signifcantly decreased (3.6±0.6/5min vs.
8.6±0.3/5min) (P<0.001). Additional fndings of the cows
with TRP were anorexia, grunting, constipation, tympani,
ruminal stasis, impaction, abdominal pain and tension.
Ferroscopy detected metallic foreign bodies with diferent
response to the device (as 10-30 µA) around the reticulum
and the cranio-ventral region of the rumen in left side of the
cows with TRP.
APBs concentrations and GCT results
Mean values of APBs levels of cows with TRP and control
group were presented in Table 2. It was determined that Fb
(205.1±18.1 ƞg/mL vs. 101.1±17.6 ƞg/mL) (P<0.001) and
Hp (1.19±0.37 mg/mL vs. 0.03±0.01 mg/mL) concentrations
signifcantly increased in TRP group compared to control
group (P<0.05). Although there was an increase in SAA and
α
1
-AG`P levels, there was no statistical diference between
two groups (P>0.05). Additionally, GCT was determined
as severe positive within 1 to 5 min clotting time of blood
samples in cows with TRP. Te blood samples of healthy
cows responded to the test without clotting for up to 15
minutes.
Table 1: Mean values and standard error of the mean of clinical signs
in dairy cows with TRP and control group.
Parameter Control (n = 10) TRP (n = 14) P
RT (°C) 38.4 ± 0.1 38.7 ± 0.2 NS
HR (beat/min) 60 ± 2.8 82.3 ± 4.7 <0.001
RR (breaths/min) 24 ± 1.6 26.6 ± 1.8 NS
RC (cyle/5 min) 8.6 ± 0.3 3.6 ± 0.6 <0.001
NS: not signifcant.
RT: rectal temperature; HR: heart rate; RR: respiration rate; RC: rumen
contractions.
Table 2: Mean values and standard error of the mean of APBs in dairy
cows with TRP and control group.
Parameter Control (n = 10) TRP (n = 14) P
Fb (ƞg/mL) 101.1 ± 17.6 205.1 ± 18.1 <0.001
Hp (mg/mL) 0.03 ± 0.01 1.19 ± 0.37 <0.05
SAA (µg/mL) 67.9 ± 34 165 ± 63 NS
α-1 AGP (µg/mL) 663 ± 121 1069 ± 220 NS
NS: not signifcant.
Fb: fbrinogen; Hp: haptoglobulin; SAA: serum amyloid A; α-1 AGP:
alfa-1 acid glycoprotein
Research Articles
Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine  Vol. 70 (2)  June 2015 Kirbas, A. 26
Leukogram values
Mean values of leukogram fndings of cows with TRP and
control group were presented in Table 3. It was found that
total WBC counts of TRP group signifcantly increased com-
pared to control group (10.8±1.4x10
3
/µL vs. 6.9±0.6x10
3
/µL)
(P<0.05). Moreover, neutrophil counts of TRP group showed
a tendency to increase compared to the control group however
without statistical signifcant diferences detected (P>0.05).
Tere was positive correlation between total WBC count
and Hp concentrations in TRP group (r=0.636, P=0.01) but
there was no correlation between total WBC count and Fb
concentrations (r= 0.395, P>0.05).
Biochemical parameters
Mean values of biochemical parameters of cows with TRP
and control group are shown in Table 4. Although there
were tendencies to increase in means of ALP, AST, GGT,
LDH activities and TBIL levels in TRP group, there were
no statistically signifcant diferences detected (P>0.05).
Tere was no statistically signifcant diference between two
groups regarding the means of ALB, GLOB, GLU and TP
concentrations (P>0.05).
Necropsy Findings
In post-mortem examination of the cows, diferent size
of metallic foreign bodies was found in reticulum and the
cranio-ventral region of the rumen. Prominent gross fnd-
ings were difuse thickening of the reticular and ruminal wall
around the perforation caused by the foreign body with local
peritonitis, infammation and fbrotic adhesions.
DISCUSSION
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis progresses in cattle as reticu-
litis, acute or chronic, local and difuse peritonitis. Besides,
contamination to surrounding organs, infammation of the
reticulum and complications may also result as peritonitis,
pericarditis, myocarditis, endocarditis, pneumonia, pleuritis,
hepatitis and septicemia (1, 2). Te development of infam-
mation in the reticulum from the acute process to the chronic
process makes the treatment and healing course complex. For
this reason it was decided to evaluate acute phase biomark-
ers as a measure of the infammatory response in cows with
traumatic reticuloperitonitis.
Te increase in heart rate may be associated with sys-
temic efects of acute infammation. Similarly, the reason
for signifcant decrease of numbers of rumen contraction
of TRP group compared to control group may be a result
of negative efect of infammation on the reticulum and the
rumino-reticular movements as stated by Radostits et al. (1)
and Constable (2). Tere was no statistical diference between
mean values of rectal temperature in the groups indicating
body temperature is not signifcantly afected by local infam-
mation of reticulum at the stage of clinical fndings.
Te most frequent APP evaluated in cattle is fbrinogen
(Fb). Plasma Fb level in cattle increases in 2 days after in-
fammation (7, 15, 16). In cat tle, Fb has been used for many
years to evaluate infammatory and traumatic diseases and
is characterized by a marked increase in the synthesis of the
protein in response to infection (12). Hirvonen and Pyörälä,
have stated that Fb is useful for distinguishing TRP from
Table 3: Mean values and standard error of the mean of leukogram in
dairy cows with TRP and control group.
Parameter Control (n = 10) TRP (n = 14) P
WBC (x10
3
/µL) 6.9 ± 0.6 10.8 ± 1.4 <0.05
LYM (x10
3
/µL) 4.7 ± 0.4 5.2 ± 0.4 NS
MON (x10
3
/µL) 0.4 ± 0.29 0.5 ± 0.13 NS
NEU (x10
3
/µL) 2.0 ± 0.3 4.7 ± 1.1 0.06
EOS (x10
3
/µL) 0.2 ± 0.04 0.3 ± 0.12 NS
BAS (x10
3
/µL) 0.001 ± 0.001 0.007 ± 0.003 NS
NS: not signifcant.
WBC: total white blood cell count; LYM: lymphocyte; MON:
monocyte; NEU: neutrophil; EOS: eosinophil; BAS: basophil.
Table 4: Mean values and standard error of the mean of biochemical
parameters in dairy cows with TRP and control group.
Parameter Control (n = 10) TRP (n = 14) P
AST (U/L) 109.4 ± 6.7 115.4 ± 18.4 NS
ALP (U/L) 70.9 ± 6.6 90.5 ± 15.8 NS
GGT (U/L) 39.5 ± 9.8 49.7 ± 21.6 NS
LDH (U/L) 1096.1 ± 72.4 1106.4 ± 76.6 NS
TBIL (mg/dL) 0.12 ± 0.03 0.26 ± 0.05 0.064
GLU (mg/dL) 68.7 ± 11.8 70.5 ± 4.7 NS
ALB (g/dL) 3.3 ± 0.2 3.1 ± 0.1 NS
GLOB (g/dL) 4.5 ± 0.3 4.6 ± 0.3 NS
TP (g/dL) 7.6 ± 0.3 7.7 ± 0.3 NS
NS: not signifcant.
AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; GGT:
gamaglutamyl transferase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; TBIL: total
bilirubin; GLU: glucose; ALB: albumin; GLOB: globulin; TP: total
protein.
Research Articles
Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine  Vol. 70 (2)  June 2015 27 Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis in Cows
other gastrointestinal diseases and pre-determination of the
healing process of abdominal disorders (12). Gokce et al.
(17) stated that TRP is indicative of hyperfbrinogenemia.
Terefore, Fb concentration is known to be useful for the
diagnosis of TRP (5, 13).
Fb level of cows in the TRP group was signifcantly
higher than in the control group (205.1±18.1 vs. 101.1±17.6
hg/mL, p<0.001). Tese obtained values were determined by
solid-phase sandwich ELISA method. Te increase in the
Fb level was associated with the severity of infammation
process. Furthermore, there was no correlation between Fb
concentration and WBC count in TRP group. Tis suggests
that Fb concentration is preferable as a marker as compared
to the leukogram when evaluating traumatic infammatory
processes in cattle (7, 8).
GCT is a non-specifc test for the indication of any
difuse infammatory acute diseases including TRP. It is
utmost important to note here that GCT be evaluated by
using clinical signs of cows. Te cows diagnosed as TRP
showed clinical signs such as reduction or lack of rumen
contraction, tympani, constipation, grunting and abdominal
pain. Severe positive GCT and increased levels of Hp and Fb
were detected in these cows with the clinical signs of TRP
revealing acute difuse infammation.
Hp levels are increased during acute infection but de-
creased with treatment or chronicity (9, 10). However, the
level remains high in chronic cases if stimulation continues
(5, 10). Plasma Hp levels in healthy cattle have been reported
to be less than 0.35 g/L; it increases in 24-48 hours following
infammation and remains high for two weeks (8). It has also
been reported that traumatic stimulation, surgery, starvation
and stress increase Hp level in cattle with TRP (5, 10, 12, 18).
In several studies on Hp levels in cattle with TRP, Hp levels
increased to the range of 0.86-2.16 g/L. According to these
studies, Hp levels may be useful for TRP diagnosis (5, 13, 14).
In accordance with the reports above, it has been observed
in this study that Hp level of cows with TRP is signifcantly
increased as compared to the control group. It has been pro-
posed that prognosis is considered good when Hp plasma
levels are about 0.1-1g/L and prognosis is poor and treatment
is required when this level is over 1g/L (19). Similar to previ-
ous reports, the mean level of Hp was over 1g/L in cows with
TRP in this study. Furthermore, a positive correlation has
been detected between Hp level and WBC count. Terefore
it is considered important to evaluate Hp concentration and
WBC counts simultaneously to determine the severity of
infammation in animals with TRP.
SAA is an APP which plays roles in detoxifcation of
endotoxins, proliferation of endothelial cells and activation
of immune response (20). Te level is less than 8.8 mg/L in
healthy cattle and increases in the frst 10 hours following
bacterial infection (8). It was determined that SAA increased
in 31 of 31 cattle with acute infammation and in 27 of 50
cattle with chronic infammation (8). Mean SAA level were
74.3 mg/L in cattle with acute infammation and mean SAA
level was 11.7 mg/L in cattle with chronic infammation.
Tese results suggest that SAA is a more determinative
marker as compared to total leukocytes and neutrophil
counts for distinguishing acute and chronic infammations
of cattle (8). It has been stated in several studies on SAA
levels of cattle with TRP that SAA concentrations ranges
within 85.02-312.40 µg/mL and that it can be useful for
TRP diagnosis (5, 13, 14). Te increase of SAA in the cattle
in this study with TRP was not been found statistically
signifcant contrary to previous studies. Te reason for this
may be due to the large intergroup variations in the TRP
group for SAA levels (67.9±34 vs. 165±63 µg/mL). Te wide
variability of this parameter may be a limiting factor afecting
its diagnostic value.
α-1 AGP inhibits lymphocyte blastogenesis and sup-
presses systemic immune responses and it is mostly used to
indicate a chronic infammatory state since it causes a slight
increase with a slow response (18, 21). Serum α-1 AGP level
is about 200-450 mg/L in healthy cattle, and increases in 24-
72 hours following infammatory conditions (7). Horadagoda
et al. (8) stated that α-1 AGP was found to be increased in 25
of 28 cattle with acute infammation (89%) and in 36 of 50
cattle with chronic infammation (72%). Te mean α-1 AGP
value was 1101.4 mg/L in acute infammation and 815.2
mg/L in chronic infammation, and α-1 AGP was considered
to be more of a determinative marker as compared to WBC
count, especially in chronic infammation.
Bozukluhan and Gokce (5) stated that mean α-1 AGP
level was 972.5 µg/mL in cattle with TRP and 378 µg/mL in
healthy cattle. Terefore it may be useful for TRP diagnosis.
Tere was a tendency for an increase in the concentration
of α-1 AGP as a result of TRP in the present study. Tis
increase was not found to be statistically signifcant probably
due to the high intergroup variations (663±121 vs. 1069±220
µg/mL).
Research Articles
Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine  Vol. 70 (2)  June 2015 Kirbas, A. 28
Te changes in the hemogram have been found to be sig-
nifcant for determining the infammation of cattle with TRP
(7, 15). Te total and diferential leukocyte counts provide
useful diagnostic and prognostic data (1). Leukocytosis with
left shift neutrophilia is a common hematological fnding in
cattle with TRP (17). At the initiation of severe infamma-
tion, WBC count may be normal or lower than the normal
value due to lymphopenia based on the migration of neutro-
phils to the infammatory area and due to stress (7). In the
study presented, WBC count of the TRP group signifcantly
increased compared to control group and the increase was
observed associated with neutrophilia. Although a tendency
to increase was detected in TRP group compared to control
group related with neutrophil count, a statistical diference
was not found. It appeared that neutrophil left shift may
have occurred in the acute period of TRP resulting from an
increased band neutrophil count relative to segmented neu-
trophils (1, 2). Total leukocyte, neutrophil and lymphocyte
counts can revert to normal in chronic periods. Terefore,
it has been stated that leukocyte changes cannot be useful
indicators for the diagnosis of chronic infammation in cattle
(7, 22).
Morphological changes of the leukocytes such as band
neutrophils were not determined in the animals used in
this study therefore limiting the interpretation of leucocyte
counts. On the other hand, the tendency of an increase
in neutrophil count obtained in TRP group (4.7±1.1 vs.
2.0±0.3 10
3
/µL, P=0.06) suggests a regenerative response
of neutrophils, which may be related to an increase in band
neutrophils. It should be noted that the diferential leukocyte
counts should be used to evaluate the stage of the infam-
matory response.
Changes in total protein, globulin and albumin levels
were expected in response to infammation during the
clinical form of TRP. In previous studies, total protein levels
have been determined as normal (6, 23), low (24) or high
(17, 25, 26) under these circumstances. Total protein levels
were not changed in the TRP group in this study. Reticular
abscess associated with TRP have been found to result in
hyperglobulinemia (6). Ok and Aslan (25) stated that total
globulin levels decreased during the disease as a result of pro-
tein migration into the infammatory area, and consequently,
blood protein concentration decreased temporarily until new
protein synthesis begun. In this present study, mean globulin
levels in TRP group were not found to be statistically difer-
ent than those of the control group. Te decrease in albumin
may be linked to the synthesis of APPs, digestive failure,
starvation and/or malnutrition (6, 26). In this study, mean
albumin levels in TRP group were not diferent from control
group. Tis result may refect that hepatic albumin synthesis
was not afected by APR synthesis.
No statistically diferences in serum liver enzyme activi-
ties (ALP, AST, GGT and LDH), total bilirubin and glucose
levels were found in TRP group as compared to the control
group. Tese fndings indicate that hepatocyte integrity of the
liver was not impaired in the animals with TRP.
Te results of this study evaluated the clinical fndings,
APPs, leukogram and biochemical parameters in Swiss
Brown cows. Ocal et al. (3) have reported concomitant
changes with hematologic parameters in the same breed
of cows. Additionally, previous investigations have deter-
mined comparable serum and hematologic fndings in Swiss
Brown cows along with Holstein, Water Bufalo, Ayrshire
and Friesian breed cows (6, 12, 27, 28). Further research is
required with diferent strains of cattle, males versus females
and other parameters, which may afect the results.
In conclusion, the cows with TRP responded wiht several
of the APBs. APBs and in particular Hp, increase in the cows
showing clinical signs of TRP. Te tendency for increases
in the SAA and α-1 AGP were found to be nonspecifc.
Signifcant increases in Fb and Hp values were related with
the infammatory response of cattle with TRP. In addition,
high Hp values were consistent with the correlation of high
WBC count as confrmed by the infammation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Te authors would like to thank to Ataturk University for
supporting this research fnancially (Ataturk University
Scientifc Research Ofce, Project Number: 2010/160).
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2. Constable, P.D.: Traumatic reticuloperitonitis. In: Khan C. (edi-
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